 
  Slide 2: These terms are typically applied by non-Native people to tribal groups. Most Indigenous people typically avoid collective terms whenever possible and refer to themselves by the name of their tribe or band.  Slide 3: It is important to remember that the term Native American came about in the 1960’s when Academia was seeking to re-define all ethnicities in terms that seemed politically appropriate, e.g. African-American, Chicano, etc  Slide 4: Even though this term has become widely used and is the generic term accepted by most Indigenous people in the US, it was actually based upon a foolish and arrogant assumption by Columbus and his followers, who thought they had crossed the ocean to Asia and were dealing with people from the East Indies. To this day this is why the outer Caribbean Islands are referred to as the West Indies. The image painted by James Bama shows dignity and power, but it also can be a cliché and lead to a very biased view of what it means to be and Indigenous American  Slide 5: British Colonial attitudes described Indigenous peoples as Aboriginal or First. When Canadian peoples decided to emphasize their political status in the 1970’s they decided to refer to themselves as First Nations. The image by the Haida Artist Bill Reid shows a creation story from a Canadian First Nation  Slide 6: Indigenous is becoming the term of preference because it establishes that the culture, language, and traditions were developed in the location where the people lived when they were first impacted by Europeans  Slide 7: Indigenous is becoming the term of preference because it establishes that the culture, language, and traditions were developed in the location where the people lived when they were first impacted by Europeans Image by Julie Draper (Holding the Dream) shows connection between different life forms that are all born from the same land  Slide 8: Once gain the issue of land and how important it is to Indigenous peoples in EJ issues can be seen here. Source: http://www.arizonanativenet.com/law/index.cfm?subj=treaties§=law  Slide 9: Grijalva argues that Tribes are of major importance in getting the EPA to act because they can call upon EPA and have the same legal status as a state because of treaty law  Slide 10: Understanding Treaty Law is very important in Indigenous Environmental Justice because tribes have special legal status in relation to the federal government that allows them to set environmental standards that can be much more stringent than state standards and even more stringent than federal standards should they so choose.  Slide 11: Members of tribes have dual citizenship and are subject more to the laws of their people than they are of the Federal Government and especially of state governments  Slide 12: One major legal implication of this was that tribes could set environmental standards. These had to at least be as stringent as Federal Law, but they could be more stringent. This means that states whose air or water impinged on tribal lands also had to meet these standards, even if the state had little or no regulation on such matters.  Slide 13: EJ is an important aspect of human rights, and it can be a crime to not provide it. An interesting discussion can be held over what this means and why the right to a healthy and natural environment can be as important as the right to vote or to be heard in court.  Slide 14: One reason that crimes are involved is that impacted individuals, who are most often women, children, and the elderly, can die as a result of such activities. Bhopal in India is one of the most obvious instances of such actions. Slide 15: Source: Robert Bullard, Clark, Atlanta University, Earth First Journal, July 1999.  Slide 16: How EJ is dealt with depends very much on who is in control of congress. Congress can set aside or abrogate treaties if they feel so inclined. This was the basis of both the Dawes Act and the later Termination Acts.  Slide 17: The Dawes Act was an attempt to destroy the communal land-based principles and cultures of tribes, by making individuals holders of private property, a concept that was previously unknown to Indians Source: http://academic.udayton.edu/Race/02rights/native09.htm The Dawes Act effectively broke up the physical nature of a shared land and allowed other people to take over tribal land, even though it was supposedly held in trust by the Federal Government. This is another reason that land and the ability to control what happens on the land is so important in EJ. This Trustee relationship was the basis of lawsuits against BIA and the Department of the Interior under the GW Bush administration  Slide 18: John Collier was a pluralist who believed that Indigenous cultures had much to teach the American people and that they needed to be protected and reinvigorated Many tribal members did not view Reorganization as a useful approach and felt that it tried to impose Western style democracy on societies that had functioned without police or major political conflicts for thousands of years  Slide 19: Source: Donald L. Fixico, Termination and Relocation: Federal Indian Policy, 1945- 1960 (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1986)  Slide 20: Source: http://www.ihs.gov/publicinfo/archives/Publications/SelfDetermination/selfdeter.asp Slide 21: Indigenous people are no longer passively accepting decisions imposed upon them by outside. In Canada this has sometimes become very confrontational as in the case of the Mohawks and Oka, where the Quebec provincial government decided to take land claimed by the Mohawk First Nation and build a golf course.  Slide 22: Source: http://faculty.smu.edu/twalker/samrcook.htm Slide 23: Source and further reading: Chapters 1 and 2 in Grijalva, James M. 2008. Closing the circle: Environmental Justice in Indian Country. Carolina Academic Press, Durham NC  Slide 24: Grijalva, James M. 2008. Closing the circle: Environmental Justice in Indian Country.Carolina Academic Press, Durham NC Slide 25: Image: Merlin Little Thunder (Cheyenne Artist) |
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